María Celeste Artale
High-Redshift Protoclusters Through the Lens of Cosmological Simulations
Galaxy clusters are massive virialized structures in the universe, containing hundreds to thousands of galaxies mainly with passive evolving stellar populations. Most of their star formation activity occurs at high redshift (z ≳ 2), making the study of protoclusters—unvirialized progenitors of massive clusters—crucial for understanding their galaxy evolution. Observations tend to identify protoclusters through different star-forming galaxy populations such as Lyman-alpha emitters (LAEs), Lyman-break galaxies, and submillimeter galaxies (SMGs), among others. In this talk, I will discuss the role of LAEs as tracers of protocluster regions through cosmological simulations, and their physical properties and evolution during cosmic noon (z ≈ 2-4). Our research stands in the context of the ongoing ODIN survey, the largest field program for LAEs, examining structures at redshifts of 2.4, 3.1, and 4.5. In the second part of my talk, I will discuss the role of the SMG population as tracers of protocluster and the challenges in modeling them in cosmological simulations. Using FLAMINGO simulation, our findings indicate that SMGs contribute up to 27% of the cosmic star formation rate density at z ≈ 2.6. Upcoming surveys, such as the TolTEC Ultra Deep Survey, which will map regions overlapping with ODIN survey will provide important insights into the connections between these galaxy populations and with protocluster regions.
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High-Redshift Protoclusters Through the Lens of Cosmological Simulations